Dnieper River
- For the rocket, see Dnepr rocket. For other uses, see Dnieper (disambiguation).
| Dnieper | |
| Russian: Днепр, Dniepr, Belarusian: Дняпро, Dniapro, Ukrainian: Дніпро, Dnipro, Crimean Tatar: Özü | |
| River | |
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| Countries | Russia, Belarus, Ukraine |
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| Tributaries | |
| - left | Sozh, Desna, Trubizh, Supiy, Sula, Psel, Vorskla, Samara, Konka, Bilozerka |
| - right | Drut, Berezina, Prypiat, Teteriv, Irpin, Stuhna, Ros, Tiasmyn, Bazavluk, Inhulets |
| Cities | Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Mahilyow, Kiev, Cherkasy, Dnipropetrovsk |
| Source | Glaciers |
| - location | Valdai Hills, Russia |
| - elevation | 220 m (722 ft) |
| - coordinates | |
| Mouth | Dnieper Delta |
| - coordinates | |
| Length | 2,290 km (1,423 mi) |
| Basin | 516,300 km² (199,345 sq mi) |
| Discharge | for Kherson |
| - average | 1,670 m3/s (58,975 cu ft/s) |
 The Dnieper's drainage basin
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The Dnieper River (English pronunciation: /ˈniːpər/), (Russian: Днепр Dnepr, pronounced [dnʲɛpr]; Belarusian: Дняпро Dniapro, [dnʲaˈpro]; Ukrainian: Днiпро Dnipro, [dnʲiˈpro]; Crimean Tatar: Özü) is one of the major rivers in Europe (fourth by length) that flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, to the Black Sea. Even though Dnepr considered to be as the Russian version of the name, the Russian language also does call the river as Dnipro such in the song Hey, Dnipro, Dnipro.[1]
Its total length is 2,285 kilometres (1,420 mi), of which 485 km (301 mi) lie within Russia, 595 km (370 mi) within Belarus, and 1,095 km (680 mi) within Ukraine. Its basin covers 504,000 square kilometres (195,000 sq mi), of which 289,000 km2 (112,000 sq mi) are within Ukraine.[2] In antiquity, it was known to the Greeks as the Borysthenes.
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Geography
The Dnieper's source is the turf swamps of the Valdai Hills in central Russia, at an elevation of 220 m (720 ft).[2] For 115 km (71 mi) of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. It is connected with the Western Bug by the Dnieper-Bug Canal. Its estuary, or liman, used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv.
Tributaries of the Dnieper
The Dnieper has many tributaries. The main ones, in orographic sequence, are:
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Reservoirs and Hydroelectric power
The river is famous for its dams and hydroelectric stations. The most famous was the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station or (DniproHES) near Zaporizhia, built in 1927-1932 with an output of 558 MW. It was destroyed during Second World War, and rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750 MW. The others are: Kremenchuk (1954–60), Kiev (1960–64), Dniprodzerzhynsk (1956–64), Kaniv (1963–75). Those dams that used to generate hydroelectric power of ten percent of Ukraine's total electricity, form water reservoirs. The reservoirs are named as Kiev (922 km2 or 356 sq mi), Kaniv (675 km2 or 261 sq mi), Kremenchuk (2,250 km2 or 870 sq mi), Dniprodzerzhynsk (567 km2 or 219 sq mi), Dnieper (420 km2 or 160 sq mi), and Kakhovka (2,155 km2 or 832 sq mi).
Cities and towns on the Dnieper
Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine):
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Arheimar, a capital of the Goths, was located on the Dnieper, according to the Hervarar saga.
The Dnieper is important for the transport and economy of Ukraine: its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to 270 by 18 metres (890 × 59 ft) to access as far as the port of Kiev and thus create an important transport corridor. The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers Danube and Dnieper have been a growing market in recent decades.
Upstream from Kiev, the Dnieper receives the water of the Pripyat River. This navigable river connects to the Dnieper-Bug canal, the link with the Western Bug river. Historically, a connection with the Western European waterways was possible, but a weir without a ship lock near the town of Brest has interrupted this international waterway. Poor political relations between Western Europe and Belarus mean there is little likelihood of re-opening this waterway in the near future.[3]
Navigation is interrupted each year by freezing in winter, and severe winter storms.
Etymology
The name Dnieper is derived from Sarmatian Dānu apara "the river on the far side".[4] (By contrast, the Dniester derives from "the close river".)
In the three countries through which it flows it has essentially the same name, albeit pronounced differently, Russian: Днепр, Dnepr; Belarusian: Дняпро, Dniapro; Ukrainian: Дніпро, Dnipro.
The river is mentioned by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus in the fifth century BC as Borysthenes (Βορυσθένης), as well as by Strabo; this name is Scythian (cf. Iranian *varu-stāna) and meant "wide land", referring most likely to the Ukrainian steppe. The late Greek and Roman authors called it Δάναπρις - Danapris and Danaper respectively - (dana in Old Persian meant "river"); The name Dnieper probably derives from that Greek word. Its Old East Slavic name used at the time of Kievan Rus' was Slavuta or Slavutych, the Huns called it Var, and Bulgars - Buri-Chai.
In popular culture
- The river is one of the symbols of Ukrainian statehood.
- Some of the cities on its banks -- Dnipropetrovsk, Dniprorudne, Kamianka-Dniprovska -- are named after the river.
- The Zaporozhian Cossacks lived on the lower Dniepr and their name refers to their location "beyond the cataracts."[5]
- Folk metal band Turisas have a song called "The Dnieper Rapids" on their 2007 album The Varangian Way.
- Trance artist Leon Bolier featured a track called "Dnipro" in his debut 2CD album Pictures. The track is said to be inspired by his visit to Kiev in May 2008.
- Numerously the river is described in the works of Taras Shevchenko as Dnipro (He roars and groans the Dnipro wide).
See also
- Threat of the Dnieper reservoirs
- List of rivers of Russia
- List of rivers of Ukraine
- Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
References and footnotes
- ↑ Hey, Dnipro, Dnipro (youtube)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kubiyovych, Volodymyr; Ivan Teslia. "Dnieper River". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\D\N\DnieperRiver.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
- ↑ NoorderSoft Waterways Database
- ↑ Mallory, J.P. and Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames and Hudson, 2000. p. 106
- ↑ "...the Zaporohjans whose name meant 'those who live beyond the cataracts'...", Henryk Sienkiewicz, With Fire and Sword, chap. 7
External links
- Dnieper River at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica — Dnieper
- Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary — Dnepr
- Site about Dnieper — objects over the river, photos, facts
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